{"schemaVersion":1,"id":"https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/black-jambhala/","slug":"black-jambhala","pillar":"deities","datePublished":"2026-10-27","dateModified":"2026-10-27","tibetanUchen":"ཛམ་བྷ་ལ་ནག་པོ།","wylie":"dzam bha la nag po","sanskrit":"Kṛṣṇa Jambhala (Kubera)","devanagari":"कृष्ण जम्भल","editions":{"en":{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/black-jambhala/","markdownUrl":"https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/black-jambhala/index.md","language":"en","title":"Black Jambhala (Dzambhala Nagpo · Kubera)","subtitle":"Vajra-Family Wrathful Standing Guardian · Cutting Acute Hardship & Resentment","summary":"Emanating from Akṣobhya Buddha in the Eastern Vajra Family and transmitted through Ārya Nāgārjuna and Bari Lotsāwa (b. 1040), Black Jambhala stands naked and wrathful upon a subdued lord of wealth, holding a blood-filled kapāla skullcup at his chest and a jewel-mongoose in his left hand.","infobox":[{"label":"Tibetan (Wylie)","value":"ཛམ་བྷ་ལ་ནག་པོ། (dzam bha la nag po)"},{"label":"Buddha Family","value":"Vajra Family of Akṣobhya (East Gate · Mirror-Like Wisdom)"},{"label":"Posture & Attire","value":"Standing in wrathful dwarf-like posture, naked with eight serpent (nāga) ornaments"},{"label":"Right & Left Hands","value":"Kapāla skullcup at chest (right); jewel-spitting mongoose at hip (left)"},{"label":"Canonical Source","value":"Tengyur Toh 3522–3524 · Ārya Nāgārjuna & Bari Lotsāwa Kṛṣṇa-Jambhala Sādhana"}],"recognition":{"cue":"Jet-black, stocky wrathful figure STANDING naked with serpent ornaments—holding a white kapāla skullcup at his chest (never a citron fruit!) and a mongoose in his left hand.","mudra":"Standing naked in wrathful posture; right hand holds kapāla skullcup at heart, left squeezes jewel-mongoose","bodyColor":"blue","posture":"standing","implements":["jewel-mongoose","khatvanga-skullcup"]},"sections":[{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/black-jambhala/#sec-1","heading":"Why Is Black Jambhala Standing Naked and Holding a Skullcup?","paragraphs":["Among the Five Jambhalas, Black Jambhala (Kṛṣṇa Jambhala, Tengyur Toh 3522–3524) has the most striking and unmistakable iconography. While Yellow, Red, and Green Jambhala sit in royal silks on lotus cushions, Black Jambhala stands in a compact, wrathful posture completely naked (digambara) except for living serpent (nāga) necklaces, bracelets, and anklets, with three blazing eyes and a crown of five skulls.","Every detail encodes Akṣobhya’s Eastern Vajra Family wisdom: nakedness signifies naked awareness (rigpa) stripped of all worldly pretension and hypocrisy; eight serpent ornaments signify mastery over the subterranean nāga treasure-lords and transmutation of anger; standing upon a yellow wealth-lord signifies trampling arrogant materialism; and the kapāla skullcup held at his heart signifies transmuting the lifeblood of ego-clinging directly into wisdom nectar."]},{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/black-jambhala/#sec-2","heading":"Bari Lotsāwa’s Sakya Transmission & Gilt-Bronze Identification","paragraphs":["Brought from India to Tibet in the 11th century by Bari Lotsāwa Rinchen Drak (1040–1112, Second Throne-Holder of Sakya), Black Jambhala became one of the most treasured wealth protectors across Sakya, Kagyu, and Gelug monasteries. On unpainted gilt-bronze sculptures where black pigment is absent, collectors sometimes confuse him with Yellow Jambhala—until they check two instant clues: standing legs (never seated) and a hemispherical skullcup at the chest (never a lemon-shaped citron on the knee)."]}],"practiceContext":"Traditionally practiced with water-offering (chu-gtor) over a small bronze image to clear sudden misfortune, debt, and resentment, anchored in Akṣobhya’s unshakeable equanimity.","faqs":[{"question":"How do you distinguish Black Jambhala from Two-Armed Mahākāla (Bernagchen / Panjaranātha)?","answer":"Check the LEFT hand and clothing: Black Jambhala is naked and his left hand squeezes a jewel-spitting MONGOOSE at his hip; Mahākāla holds a curved chopper (kartika) AND skullcup in both hands at his chest (and Bernagchen wears a heavy black cloak while Panjaranātha balances a horizontal stick across his elbows)."}],"sources":[{"title":"Tengyur Toh 3522–3524 · Ārya Nāgārjuna (tr. Bari Lotsāwa), Śrī-Kṛṣṇa-Jambhala-Sādhana","url":"https://read.84000.co"},{"title":"Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen: Five Jambhalas Thangka (TM-4655-1)","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thangka_voorstellende_Rode_Jambhala_(midden)_en_andere_vormen_van_Jambhala_TMnr_4655-1.jpg"}]},"zh-tw":{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh-tw/deities/black-jambhala/","markdownUrl":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh-tw/deities/black-jambhala/index.md","language":"zh-TW","title":"黑財神（藏巴拉納波 · 東方金剛部除貧尊）","subtitle":"東方不動佛金剛部威猛化現 · 巴日譯師與龍樹傳承赤裸立姿捧顱碗之究竟表義","summary":"藏語尊稱「藏巴拉納波（黑財神）」，古印度亦稱俱毗羅（Kubera），由東方不動如來（阿閦佛）為拔除極度貧苦與突發怨害而威猛化現，經聖者龍樹與巴日譯師仁欽扎傳入薩迦及諸派。其造像極好辨認：深青黑身、赤裸無衣立姿、右手當胸平托嘎巴拉顱碗，左手抱吐寶鼬鼠。","infobox":[{"label":"藏文（威利轉寫）","value":"ཛམ་བྷ་ལ་ནག་པོ།（藏巴拉納波 · 黑色藏巴拉）"},{"label":"所屬佛部","value":"東方不動如來「金剛部」（大圓鏡智 · 破除嗔怨與暴發厄難）"},{"label":"身姿與衣飾","value":"威猛矮壯立姿，周身赤裸不著布衣（表離一切偽飾戲論）、佩八大龍王蛇飾"},{"label":"持物特徵","value":"右手當胸平托嘎巴拉顱碗（絕不拿檸檬果！），左手按胯抱吐寶鼠"},{"label":"丹珠爾典籍","value":"聖龍樹造、巴日譯師譯《聖黑藏巴拉修法》（德格丹珠爾 Toh 3522–3524）"}],"recognition":{"cue":"三秒認出：五姓財神中唯一「深青黑身、赤裸立姿、右手當胸平托一隻白骷髏碗（嘎巴拉）」者！左手緊抱吐寶鼠。","mudra":"赤裸威猛立姿，右手當胸平托嘎巴拉顱碗，左手於左胯緊握口吐摩尼寶珠之吐寶鼠","bodyColor":"blue","posture":"standing","implements":["jewel-mongoose","khatvanga-skullcup"]},"sections":[{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh-tw/deities/black-jambhala/#sec-1","heading":"圖像學三問：為什麼黑財神「不穿華服、站立不坐、右手端骷髏碗」？","paragraphs":["在五姓財神中，黑財神（丹珠爾 Toh 3522–3524，聖龍樹造、薩迦巴日譯師譯傳）的圖像特徵最為獨特。黃、紅、綠三尊皆披天衣彩裙半跏趺安坐，唯獨黑財神現矮壯威猛立姿、周身赤裸不著寸縷、僅以八大龍王（青白紅綠蛇飾）為耳環手鐲與項鬘，頭戴五骷髏冠，右手當胸不拿果實而平托一隻嘎巴拉顱碗。","這四重特徵句句皆是東方不動佛「金剛部大圓鏡智」的法義隱喻：\n1. 周身赤裸：表法身本淨、不覆世俗虛偽掩飾；\n2. 八龍王蛇飾：龍族在印度傳統中掌管地底伏藏但性多嗔吝，佩龍為飾表徹底調伏嗔毒與慳吝；\n3. 足踏黃身財主：表將世俗傲慢守財之習氣徹底踩在腳下；\n4. 右手托嘎巴拉碗：表將我執煩惱之血直接轉化為智慧甘露，故感應迅猛、專破極度窮困與突發惡緣。"]},{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh-tw/deities/black-jambhala/#sec-2","heading":"巴日譯師薩迦十三金法淵源與無彩銅像鑒定鐵律","paragraphs":["十一世紀薩迦派第二代法王巴日譯師仁欽扎（1040–1112）自印度迎請聖龍樹《黑藏巴拉修法》入藏，遂成薩迦、噶舉與格魯派極受珍視的除貧護法。在博物館鑒定無彩鎏金銅像時，只要看准兩點即可一秒與黃財神區分：第一，雙腿分開威猛站立（絕不盤坐）；第二，右手當胸托半圓形顱碗（絕不放在右膝托檸檬果）！"]}],"practiceContext":"傳統修法亦重清淨水供（淋沐銅像頂門）與慈悲施食，專司遣除突發困厄、怨敵違緣與極度匱乏，修持根本在於不動如來般不為逆境動搖之正念。","faqs":[{"question":"同樣是黑色、一面二臂威猛立相、右手端顱碗，「黑財神」和「二臂大黑天（瑪哈嘎拉）」怎麼分？","answer":"看左手持物與衣著：黑財神全身赤裸，右手端顱碗，左手在左胯必抱一隻吐寶鼬鼠（絕不拿鉞刀）；而二臂瑪哈嘎拉則是雙手在胸前「右手執月牙彎刀、左手捧顱碗」（黑袍金剛披寬大黑鬥篷，寶帳怙主雙肘橫架木寶杖）。"}],"sources":[{"title":"聖龍樹菩薩造、巴日譯師譯《吉祥黑藏巴拉修法》（德格版丹珠爾 Toh 3522–3524）","url":"https://read.84000.co"},{"title":"荷蘭國家世界文化博物館藏《五姓財神唐卡》檔案 (TM-4655-1)","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thangka_voorstellende_Rode_Jambhala_(midden)_en_andere_vormen_van_Jambhala_TMnr_4655-1.jpg"}]},"zh":{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh/deities/black-jambhala/","markdownUrl":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh/deities/black-jambhala/index.md","language":"zh-CN","title":"黑财神（藏巴拉纳波 · 东方金刚部除贫尊）","subtitle":"东方不动佛金刚部威猛化现 · 巴日译师与龙树传承赤裸立姿捧颅碗之究竟表义","summary":"藏语尊称「藏巴拉纳波（黑财神）」，古印度亦称俱毗罗（Kubera），由东方不动如来（阿閦佛）为拔除极度贫苦与突发怨害而威猛化现，经圣者龙树与巴日译师仁钦扎传入萨迦及诸派。其造像极好辨认：深青黑身、赤裸无衣立姿、右手当胸平托嘎巴拉颅碗，左手抱吐宝鼬鼠。","infobox":[{"label":"藏文（威利转写）","value":"ཛམ་བྷ་ལ་ནག་པོ།（藏巴拉纳波 · 黑色藏巴拉）"},{"label":"所属佛部","value":"东方不动如来「金刚部」（大圆镜智 · 破除嗔怨与暴发厄难）"},{"label":"身姿与衣饰","value":"威猛矮壮立姿，周身赤裸不着布衣（表离一切伪饰戏论）、佩八大龙王蛇饰"},{"label":"持物特征","value":"右手当胸平托嘎巴拉颅碗（绝不拿柠檬果！），左手按胯抱吐宝鼠"},{"label":"丹珠尔典籍","value":"圣龙树造、巴日译师译《圣黑藏巴拉修法》（德格丹珠尔 Toh 3522–3524）"}],"recognition":{"cue":"三秒认出：五姓财神中唯一「深青黑身、赤裸立姿、右手当胸平托一只白骷髅碗（嘎巴拉）」者！左手紧抱吐宝鼠。","mudra":"赤裸威猛立姿，右手当胸平托嘎巴拉颅碗，左手于左胯紧握口吐摩尼宝珠之吐宝鼠","bodyColor":"blue","posture":"standing","implements":["jewel-mongoose","khatvanga-skullcup"]},"sections":[{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh/deities/black-jambhala/#sec-1","heading":"图像学三问：为什么黑财神「不穿华服、站立不坐、右手端骷髅碗」？","paragraphs":["在五姓财神中，黑财神（丹珠尔 Toh 3522–3524，圣龙树造、萨迦巴日译师译传）的图像特征最为独特。黄、红、绿三尊皆披天衣彩裙半跏趺安坐，唯独黑财神现矮壮威猛立姿、周身赤裸不着寸缕、仅以八大龙王（青白红绿蛇饰）为耳环手镯与项鬘，头戴五骷髅冠，右手当胸不拿果实而平托一只嘎巴拉颅碗。","这四重特征句句皆是东方不动佛「金刚部大圆镜智」的法义隐喻：\n1. 周身赤裸：表法身本净、不覆世俗虚伪掩饰；\n2. 八龙王蛇饰：龙族在印度传统中掌管地底伏藏但性多嗔吝，佩龙为饰表彻底调伏嗔毒与悭吝；\n3. 足踏黄身财主：表将世俗傲慢守财之习气彻底踩在脚下；\n4. 右手托嘎巴拉碗：表将我执烦恼之血直接转化为智慧甘露，故感应迅猛、专破极度穷困与突发恶缘。"]},{"url":"https://mandalaatlas.org/zh/deities/black-jambhala/#sec-2","heading":"巴日译师萨迦十三金法渊源与无彩铜像鉴定铁律","paragraphs":["十一世纪萨迦派第二代法王巴日译师仁钦扎（1040–1112）自印度迎请圣龙树《黑藏巴拉修法》入藏，遂成萨迦、噶举与格鲁派极受珍视的除贫护法。在博物馆鉴定无彩鎏金铜像时，只要看准两点即可一秒与黄财神区分：第一，双腿分开威猛站立（绝不盘坐）；第二，右手当胸托半圆形颅碗（绝不放在右膝托柠檬果）！"]}],"practiceContext":"传统修法亦重清净水供（淋沐铜像顶门）与慈悲施食，专司遣除突发困厄、怨敌违缘与极度匮乏，修持根本在于不动如来般不为逆境动摇之正念。","faqs":[{"question":"同样是黑色、一面二臂威猛立相、右手端颅碗，「黑财神」和「二臂大黑天（玛哈嘎拉）」怎么分？","answer":"看左手持物与衣着：黑财神全身赤裸，右手端颅碗，左手在左胯必抱一只吐宝鼬鼠（绝不拿钺刀）；而二臂玛哈嘎拉则是双手在胸前「右手执月牙弯刀、左手捧颅碗」（黑袍金刚披宽大黑斗篷，宝帐怙主双肘横架木宝杖）。"}],"sources":[{"title":"圣龙树菩萨造、巴日译师译《吉祥黑藏巴拉修法》（德格版丹珠尔 Toh 3522–3524）","url":"https://read.84000.co"},{"title":"荷兰国家世界文化博物馆藏《五姓财神唐卡》档案 (TM-4655-1)","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thangka_voorstellende_Rode_Jambhala_(midden)_en_andere_vormen_van_Jambhala_TMnr_4655-1.jpg"}]}},"artwork":{"image":"https://mandalaatlas.org/plates/variant-jambhala-black.webp","width":700,"height":920,"sourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thangka_voorstellende_Rode_Jambhala_(midden)_en_andere_vormen_van_Jambhala_TMnr_4655-1.jpg#black-jambhala","collection":"Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (TM-4655-1)","license":"Public Domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"},"related":["https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/jambhala/","https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/white-jambhala/","https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/red-jambhala/","https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/green-jambhala/","https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/mahakala/","https://mandalaatlas.org/deities/vajrapani/"]}